to develop the theme

1. тема; предмет (разговора, рассуждения, сочинения)

2. основная мысль; характерная черта

3. школ. сочинение на заданную тему

4. муз. тема

5. грам. основа

6. лингв. тема

7. радио позывные (тж. theme song)

8. ист. провинция Византийской империи

9. положение звёзд в момент рождения человека ( в астрологии)

1) тема; предмет (розмови)

2) основна думка; характерна риса

3) шк. твір на задану тему

4) муз. тема

5) рад. позивні; музична заставка

6) розташування зірок в момент народження дитини (у астрології)

7) грам. основа

* * *

1) тема; предмет (розмови, міркування, твору)

2) основна думка; характерна риса

3) шкіл твір на задану тему

4) мyз. тема

5) гpaм. основа

6) лiнгв. тема

7) радіо позивні (тж.- song)

8) icт. провінція Візантійської імперії

9) розташування зірок у момент народження людини ( в астрології)

1) тема; предмет (розмови, міркування, твору)

2) основна думка; характерна риса

3) шкіл твір на задану тему

4) мyз. тема

5) гpaм. основа

6) лiнгв. тема

7) радіо позивні (тж.- song)

8) icт. провінція Візантійської імперії

9) розташування зірок у момент народження людини ( в астрології)

abs

1) his character is developing его характер формируется; our friendship has developed наша дружба окрепла

2) new facts (some additional details, certain circumstances, etc.) have developed обнаружились /выяснились/ новые факты и т. д.; а new feature of the case developed a) обнаружилась /возникла/ еще одна сторона дела; б) дело приняло новый оборот; а rash (new symptoms, a fever, etc.) developed появилась сыпь и т. д., an ulcer developed образовалась язва

develop in some manner

1) develop harmoniously (gradually, physically, morally. culturally,.etc.) гармонично и т. д. развиваться; the boy has developed intellectually мальчик интеллектуально развился; the plot (the story, the play. etc.) develops rapidly сюжет и т. д. развивается /развёртывается/ стремительно; develop in every way (a lot, by leaps and bounds, etc.) развиваться всеми способами или во всех отношениях и т. д.

2) develop gradually (partially, etc.) проявляться постепенно и т. д.; this type of film develops quickly этот вид пленки проявляется быстро; these photographs haven't developed very well эти фотографии плохо вышли /проявились/

1) develop the country's industry (a district, a coal area, etc.) развивать промышленность страны и т. д., develop the natural resources of a country разрабатывать природные богатства страны; we shall develop this mine будем разрабатывать /осваивать/ эту шахту: they are developing a new manufacturing process они разрабатывают новый технологический процесс: he developed his business он расширил свое дело

2) develop different muscles (the strength of one's fingers. healthy bodies, one's memory, one's brain, the mind, etc.) укреплять /развивать, тренировать разные мышцы и т. д.

3) develop exotic flowers (hot house tomatoes, subtropical fruit, etc.) выращивать экзотические цветы и т. д.; develop new forms of the plant выводить новые сорта растения; heat and moisture develop seed тепло и влага способствуют росту /развитию/ семян; different conditions have developed different forms of life разные условия привели к появлению разных форм жизни; this engine develops a lot of heat Этот мотор сильно нагревается

4) develop new facts (new features, certain details, etc.) обнаруживать /вскрывать/ новые факты и т. д.; the inquiry developed unforeseen aspects of the case при расследовании обнаружились неожиданные стороны этого дела

5) he developed symptoms of consumption (of a fever, of a cough. of a tumour, etc.) у него появились симптомы чахотки и т. д.', he seems to be developing an illness он. кажется, заболевает; the child developed whooping cough у ребенка начался коклюш

6) develop a subject (the plot of a play, an argument, a plan, an idea. a line of thought, etc.) разрабатывать /развивать/ тему и т. д; you should develop this theme вам следует развить эту тему

7) develop one's films (the plates, a photograph, etc.) проявлять [отснятую] пленку и т. д.

1) be developed in some manner be rather poorly developed быть плохо развитым, отставать в развитии; he is well developed mentally умственно он хорошо развит; be developed at /in/ some place in this school children's gifts are developed в этой школе обращают особое внимание на развитие природных талантов у детей

2) be developed somewhere this plate may be developed at home эту пластинку можно проявлять в домашних условиях

1) develop smth. for smth. develop a gift (a taste, a habit, etc.) for smth. развивать талант и т. д. к чему-л.

2) develop smth. in some time I shall develop the film in twenty minutes я проявлю эту пленку за двадцать минут

1) (also Photog.) entwickeln; aufbauen [Handel, Handelszentrum]; entfalten [Persönlichkeit, Individualität]; erschließen [natürliche Ressourcen]

2) (expand; make more sophisticated) weiterentwickeln; ausbauen [Verkehrsnetz, System, Handel, Verkehr, Position]

3) (begin to exhibit, begin to suffer from) annehmen [Gewohnheit]; bei sich entdecken [Vorliebe]; bekommen [Krankheit, Fieber, Lust]; entwickeln [Talent, Stärke]; erkranken an (+ Dat.) [Krebs, Tumor]

4) (construct buildings etc. on, convert to new use) erschließen; sanieren [Altstadt]

1) sich entwickeln ( from aus; into zu); [Defekt, Symptome, Erkrankungen:] auftreten

2) (become fuller) sich [weiter]entwickeln ( into zu)

* * *

1) (to (cause to) grow bigger or to a more advanced state: The plan developed slowly in his mind; It has developed into a very large city.) (sich) entwickeln

2) (to acquire gradually: He developed the habit of getting up early.) (sich) entwickeln

3) (to become active, visible etc: Spots developed on her face.) (sich) entwickeln

4) (to use chemicals to make (a photograph) visible: My brother develops all his own films.) entwickeln

•

- academic.ru/20049/development">development

* * *

I. vi

1. (grow) sich akk entwickeln ( into zu + dat); abilities sich akk entfalten

the whole affair might \develop into a scandal die ganze Sache könnte sich zu einem Skandal auswachsen

to \develop further weiterentwickeln

2. (come into being) friendship, misunderstanding entstehen; difficulties, doubts auftreten

3. (show) sich akk zeigen, auftreten

4. PHOT film entwickelt werden

II. vt

1. (create)

▪ to \develop sth etw erarbeiten [o ausarbeiten]

to \develop sth further etw weiterentwickeln

to \develop a drug/product/technology ein Arzneimittel/ein Produkt/eine Technologie entwickeln

to \develop a plan/programme einen Plan/ein Programm ausarbeiten

2. (improve)

to \develop an idea/a policy/a strategy eine Vorstellung/eine Politik/eine Strategie entwickeln

to \develop muscles Muskeln bilden

to \develop one's muscles sich dat Muskeln antrainieren, seine Muskeln stärken

to \develop one's skills/talents seine Fähigkeiten/Talente weiterentwickeln

3. (show)

▪ to \develop sth etw zeigen [o an den Tag legen]

she's \developed some very strange habits sie hat einige sehr merkwürdige Gewohnheiten angenommen

4. (suffer from)

▪ to \develop sth etw bekommen [o entwickeln]

to \develop an allergy to sth eine Allergie gegen etw akk entwickeln

5. ARCHIT (build)

to \develop a land site ein Gelände erschließen [und bebauen]

they are going to \develop this area into a shopping complex sie haben vor, auf diesem Gelände ein Einkaufszentrum zu errichten

6. PHOT

to \develop a film einen Film entwickeln

7. MUS (elaborate)

to \develop a theme ein Thema entwickeln [o durchführen

8. CHESS

to \develop a piece eine Figur [auf ein anderes Feld] ziehen

* * *

1. vt

1) mind, body entwickeln

2) argument, thesis, outlines (weiter)entwickeln, weiter ausführen; original idea (weiter)entwickeln; plot of novel (= unfold) entfalten; (= fill out) weiterentwickeln, ausbauen; (MUS) theme durchführen

3) natural resources, region, ground, new estate erschließen; old part of a town sanieren; new series, new model entwickeln; business (from scratch) aufziehen; (= expand) erweitern, ausbauen

4) liking, taste, talent entwickeln; cold sich (dat) zuziehen

5) (PHOT, MATH) entwickeln

2. vi

1) (person, region, country) sich entwickeln

2) (illness, tendency, feeling) sich entwickeln; (talent, plot etc) sich entfalten

3) (PHOT) entwickelt werden

4) (event, situation) sich entwickeln

* * *

develop [dıˈveləp]

A v/t

1. eine Theorie etc entwickeln:

develop faculties Fähigkeiten entwickeln oder entfalten;

develop muscles Muskeln entwickeln oder bilden

2. etwas werden lassen, gestalten ( beide:

into zu)

3. sich eine Krankheit zuziehen:

develop bladder cancer (a fever) Blasenkrebs (Fieber) bekommen

4. eine hohe Geschwindigkeit etc entwickeln, erreichen

5. eine Industrie etc fördern, entwickeln, ausbauen

6. Naturschätze, auch Bauland erschließen, nutzbar machen, eine Altstadt etc sanieren

7. einen Gedanken, Plan etc, auch ein Verfahren entwickeln, ausarbeiten

8. MATH

a) eine Gleichung etc entwickeln

b) eine Fläche abwickeln

9. MUS ein Thema entwickeln, durchführen

10. FOTO entwickeln

11. MIL einen Angriff eröffnen

B v/i

1. sich entwickeln ( from aus):

develop into sich entwickeln oder auswachsen oder ausweiten oder gestalten zu, zu etwas werden

2. (langsam) werden, entstehen, sich entfalten

3. zutage treten, sich zeigen,

* * *

1) (also Photog.) entwickeln; aufbauen [Handel, Handelszentrum]; entfalten [Persönlichkeit, Individualität]; erschließen [natürliche Ressourcen]

2) (expand; make more sophisticated) weiterentwickeln; ausbauen [Verkehrsnetz, System, Handel, Verkehr, Position]

3) (begin to exhibit, begin to suffer from) annehmen [Gewohnheit]; bei sich entdecken [Vorliebe]; bekommen [Krankheit, Fieber, Lust]; entwickeln [Talent, Stärke]; erkranken an (+ Dat.) [Krebs, Tumor]

4) (construct buildings etc. on, convert to new use) erschließen; sanieren [Altstadt]

1) sich entwickeln ( from aus; into zu); [Defekt, Symptome, Erkrankungen:] auftreten

2) (become fuller) sich [weiter]entwickeln ( into zu)

* * *

sich ausweiten (zu) v.

sich herausbilden (zu) v. v.

entfalten v.

entstehen v.

entwickeln v.

erarbeiten v.

erschließen (Bauland, Gebiet) v.

nutzbar machen ausdr.

sich ausprägen v.

sich entfalten v.

sich entwickeln v.

sich formen v.

sich weiterentwickeln v.

de·vel·op [dɪʼveləp] vi

1) ( grow) sich akk entwickeln ( into zu +dat); abilities sich akk entfalten;

the whole affair might \develop into a scandal die ganze Sache könnte sich zu einem Skandal auswachsen

2) ( come into being) friendship, misunderstanding entstehen; difficulties, doubts auftreten

3) ( show) sich akk zeigen, auftreten

4) phot film entwickelt werden vt

1) ( improve)

to \develop an idea/ a policy/ a strategy eine Vorstellung/eine Politik/eine Strategie entwickeln;

to \develop muscles Muskeln bilden;

to \develop one's muscles sich dat Muskeln antrainieren, seine Muskeln stärken;

to \develop one's skills/ talents seine Fähigkeiten/Talente weiterentwickeln

2) ( create)

to \develop sth etw erarbeiten [o ausarbeiten];

to \develop a drug/ product/ technology ein Arzneimittel/ein Produkt/eine Technologie entwickeln;

to \develop a plan/ programme einen Plan/ein Programm ausarbeiten

3) ( show)

to \develop sth etw zeigen [o an den Tag legen];

she's \developed some very strange habits sie hat einige sehr merkwürdige Gewohnheiten angenommen

4) ( suffer from)

to \develop sth etw bekommen [o entwickeln];

to \develop an allergy to sth eine Allergie gegen etw akk entwickeln

5) archit ( build)

to \develop a land site ein Gelände erschließen [und bebauen];

they are going to \develop this area into a shopping complex sie haben vor, auf diesem Gelände ein Einkaufszentrum zu errichten

6) phot

to \develop a film einen Film entwickeln

7) mus ( elaborate)

to \develop a theme ein Thema entwickeln [o durchführen];

8) chess

to \develop a piece eine Figur [auf ein anderes Feld] ziehen

[di΄veləp] v զարգանալ, զար գացնել. develop industry/business արդյունաբերու թյունը/բիզնեսը զարգացնել. develop one’s mind/an idea ուղեղը/միտքը զարգացնել. develop interest հետաքրքրություն առաջացնել. develop a cough/ measles հազ/քութեշ առա ջա նալ/առա ջացնել. develop gradually/rapidly/slowly/physically աստի ճանաբար/արագ/դանդաղ/ֆիզիկապես զարգանալ. develop further առավել զարգացնել. լսնկ. երևակել. develop the film ֆոտոժապավենը երևակել. երկրբ. մշակել. develop mineral resources օգտակար հանածոներ մշակել. շին. develop waste land կառուցապատել դատարկ տարածությու նը. երժշ. develop a theme թեման զարգացնել. գղտն. develop new species նոր տեսակներ աճեցնել. Plants develop from seeds Բույսերն աճում են սերմերից. How’s your work developing Ինչպե՞ս են գործերն առաջ գնում/ընթանում

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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Mies van der Rohe was the son of a stonemason and his early constructional training came from his father. As a young man he gained experience of the modern school from study of the architecture of the earlier leaders, notably Peter Behrens, Hendrik Berlage and Frank Lloyd Wright. He commenced architectural practice in 1913 and soon after the First World War was establishing his own version of modern architecture. His building materials were always of the highest quality, of marble, stone, glass and, especially, steel. He stripped his designs of all extraneous decoration: more than any of his contemporaries he followed the theme of elegance, functionalism and an ascetic concentration on essentials. He believed that architectural design should not look backwards but should reflect the contemporary achievement of advanced technology in both its construction and the materials used, and he began early in his career to act upon these beliefs. Typical was his early concrete and glass office building of 1922, after which, more importantly, came his designs for the German Pavilion at the Barcelona Exposition of 1929. These designs included his famous Barcelona chair, made from chrome steel and leather in a geometrical design, one which has survived as a classic and is still in production. Another milestone was his Tugendhat House in Brno (1930), a long, low, rectilinear structure in glass and steel that set a pattern for many later buildings of this type. In 1930 Mies followed his colleagues as third Director of the Bauhaus, but due to the rise of National Socialism in Germany it was closed in 1933. He finally left Germany for the USA in 1937, and the following year he took up his post as Director of Architecture in Chicago at what is now known as the Illinois Institute of Technology and where he remained for twenty years. In America Mies van der Rohe continued to develop his work upon his original thesis. His buildings are always recognizable for their elegance, fine proportions, high-quality materials and clean, geometrical forms; nearly all are of glass and steel in rectangular shapes. The structure and design evolved according to the individual needs of each commission, and there were three fundamental types of design. One type was the single or grouped high-rise tower, built for apartments for the wealthy, as in his Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago (1948–51), or for city-centre offices, as in his Seagram Building in New York (1954–8, with Philip Johnson) or his Chicago Federal Centre (1964). Another form was the long, low rectangle based upon the earlier Tugendhat House and seen again in the New National Gallery in Berlin (1965–8). Third, there were the grouped schemes when the commission called for buildings of varied purpose on a single, large site. Here Mies van der Rohe achieved a variety and interest in the different shapes and heights of buildings set out in spatial harmony of landscape. Some examples of this type of scheme were housing estates (Lafayette Park Housing Development in Detroit, 1955–6), while others were for educational, commercial or shopping requirements, as at the Toronto Dominion Centre (1963–9).

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1) (develop) verarbeiten ( into zu); (create) erarbeiten

2) (excite) aufpeitschen [Menge]

1)

2) [Rock usw.:] sich hochschieben

* * *

1) (to excite or rouse gradually: She worked herself up into a fury. ( adjective worked-up: Don't get so worked-up!).) sich steigern, aufgebracht

2) (to raise or create: I just can't work up any energy/appetite/enthusiasm today.) aufbringen

* * *

◆ work up

I. vt

1. (generate)

to \work up up an appetite [for sth] Appetit [auf etw akk] bekommen

to \work up up courage sich dat Mut machen

to \work up up the courage/energy to do sth den Mut/die Energie aufbringen etw zu tun

to \work up up enthusiasm for sth sich akk für etw akk begeistern

2. (upset, make angry)

▪ to \work up oneself/sb up sich/jdn aufregen; (excite)

▪ to \work up up ⇆ sb jdn aufpeitschen

to \work up sb up into a frenzy [or rage] jdn in Rage bringen fam

to \work up oneself up into a frenzy [or rage] in Rage geraten fam

to \work up oneself/sb up into a [real] state sich akk /jdn [furchtbar] aufregen

3. (develop)

▪ to \work up up ⇆ sth etw entwickeln

to \work up up a business (set up) ein Geschäft aufbauen; (extend) ein Geschäft ausbauen

to \work up up data into a report Daten zu einem Bericht verarbeiten

to \work up up a plan einen Plan ausarbeiten

to \work up up a sweat ins Schwitzen kommen

4. (prepare)

▪ to \work up oneself up to sth sich akk auf etw akk vorbereiten

▪ to \work up oneself up to doing sth sich akk darauf vorbereiten, etw zu tun

II. vi

1. (progress to) people

▪ to \work up up to sth sich akk zu etw dat hocharbeiten

I \work uped up to half an hour exercising a day ich habe meine Trainingszeit auf eine halbe Stunde am Tag gesteigert

2. (get ready for)

▪ to \work up up to sth auf etw akk zusteuern fig

3. (move) clothes hochrutschen fam; (spread) sich nach oben ausbreiten

* * *

1. vt sep

1) (= develop) business zu etwas bringen, entwickeln; enthusiasm (in oneself) aufbringen; appetite sich (dat) holen; courage sich (dat) machen

2) lecture, theme, notes ausarbeiten

3) (= stimulate) audience aufstacheln

2. vi

* * *

work up

A v/t

1. verarbeiten ( into zu)

2. ausarbeiten ( into zu)

3. ein Geschäft etc auf- oder ausbauen, die Mitgliederzahl etc vergrößern

4. a) Interesse etc entwickeln

b) sich Appetit etc holen:

5. a) ein Thema bearbeiten

b) sich einarbeiten in (akk), etwas gründlich studieren

6. Gefühle, Nerven, auch Zuhörer etc aufpeitschen, aufwühlen, Interesse wecken:

work o.s. up, get worked up sich aufregen oder ereifern ( about über akk);

work up a rage, work o.s. up into a rage sich in eine Wut hineinsteigern;

worked up, wrought up aufgebracht, erregt

B v/i sich steigern (to zu)

* * *

1) (develop) verarbeiten ( into zu); (create) erarbeiten

2) (excite) aufpeitschen [Menge]

1)

2) [Rock usw.:] sich hochschieben

* * *

aufbereiten v.

verarbeiten v.

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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He was the son of a country lawyer who became legal advisor and travelling companion to certain rich Americans. At an early age Cousteau acquired a love of travel, of the sea and of cinematography: he made his first film at the age of 13. After an interrupted education he nevertheless passed the difficult entrance examination to the Ecole Navale in Brest, but his naval career was cut short in 1936 by injuries received in a serious motor accident. For his long recuperation he was drafted to Toulon. There he met Philippe Tailliez, a fellow naval officer, and Frédéric Dumas, a champion spearfisher, with whom he formed a long association and began to develop his underwater swimming and photography. He apparently took little part in the Second World War, but under cover he applied his photographic skills to espionage, for which he was awarded the Légion d'honneur after the war.

Cousteau sought greater freedom of movement underwater and, with Emile Gagnan, who worked in the laboratory of Air Liquide, he began experimenting to improve portable underwater breathing apparatus. As a result, in 1943 they invented the aqualung. Its simple design and robust construction provided a reliable and low-cost unit and revolutionized scientific and recreational diving. Gagnan shunned publicity, but Cousteau revelled in the new freedom to explore and photograph underwater and exploited the publicity potential to the full.

The Undersea Research Group was set up by the French Navy in 1944 and, based in Toulon, it provided Cousteau with the Opportunity to develop underwater exploration and filming techniques and equipment. Its first aims were minesweeping and exploration, but in 1948 Cousteau pioneered an extension to marine archaeology. In 1950 he raised the funds to acquire a surplus US-built minesweeper, which he fitted out to further his quest for exploration and adventure and named Calypso. Cousteau also sought and achieved public acclaim with the publication in 1953 of The Silent World, an account of his submarine observations, illustrated by his own brilliant photography. The book was an immediate success and was translated into twenty-two languages. In 1955 Calypso sailed through the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean, and the outcome was a film bearing the same title as the book: it won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the Cannes film festival. This was his favoured medium for the expression of his ideas and observations, and a stream of films on the same theme kept his name before the public.

Cousteau's fame earned him appointment by Prince Rainier as Director of the Oceanographie Institute in Monaco in 1957, a post he held until 1988. With its museum and research centre, it offered Cousteau a useful base for his worldwide activities.

In the 1980s Cousteau turned again to technological development. Like others before him, he was concerned to reduce ships' fuel consumption by harnessing wind power. True to form, he raised grants from various sources to fund research and enlisted technical help, namely Lucien Malavard, Professor of Aerodynamics at the Sorbonne. Malavard designed a 44 ft (13.4 m) high non-rotating cylinder, which was fitted onto a catamaran hull, christened Moulin à vent. It was intended that its maiden Atlantic crossing in 1983 should herald a new age in ship propulsion, with large royalties to Cousteau. Unfortunately the vessel was damaged in a storm and limped to the USA under diesel power. A more robust vessel, the Alcyone, was fitted with two "Turbosails" in 1985 and proved successful, with a 40 per cent reduction in fuel consumption. However, oil prices fell, removing the incentive to fit the new device; the lucrative sales did not materialize and Alcyone remained the only vessel with Turbosails, sharing with Calypso Cousteau's voyages of adventure and exploration. In September 1995, Cousteau was among the critics of the decision by the French President Jacques Chirac to resume testing of nuclear explosive devices under the Mururoa atoll in the South Pacific.

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   1) All Human Complex Problem Solving Is Creativity

   Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Models of Creative Association

   Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)

   3) Creative Innovation and Social Independence

   There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)

   4) Ego Strength and Emotional Stability among Creative Geniuses

   he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)

   5) Its Mundane Character

   he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)

   6) Mozart's Musical Ideas Came to Him in Polished Form

   From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)

   7) Scientific Theories and Works of Art Alike Originate in Fantasy

   Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)

   8) Self- Esteem and Creative Expression

   The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)

   9) Stages in Creative Problem- Solving

   In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)

    10) The Bisociative Pattern of the Creative Synthesis

   he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)

    11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder

   Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)

    12) The Inner Life of the Creative Process

   New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)

    13) The Problem of What Impels the Creative Person

   [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....

   Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)

    14) Theories of Creative Thinking

   A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....

   Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

1) (transport) tragen; (with emphasis on destination) bringen; [Strom:] spülen; [Verkehrsmittel:] befördern

2) (conduct) leiten

3) (support) tragen; (contain) fassen

4) (have with one)

5) (possess) besitzen [Autorität, Gewicht]; see also academic.ru/15886/conviction">conviction 2)

6) (hold)

7) (prolong)

8) (Math.): (transfer) im Sinn behalten

9) (win) durchbringen [Antrag, Gesetzentwurf, Vorschlag]

- carry away

- carry back

- carry forward

- carry off

- carry on

- carry out

- carry over

- carry through

* * *

1) (to take from one place etc to another: She carried the child over the river; Flies carry disease.) tragen

2) (to go from one place to another: Sound carries better over water.) reichen; übertragen

3) (to support: These stone columns carry the weight of the whole building.) tragen

4) (to have or hold: This job carries great responsibility.) mit sich bringen

5) (to approve (a bill etc) by a majority of votes: The parliamentary bill was carried by forty-two votes.) durchsetzen

6) (to hold (oneself) in a certain way: He carries himself like a soldier.) sich haben

•

- carry-all

* * *

[ˈkæri, AM ˈkeri]

I. vt

1. (bear)

▪ to \carry sb/sth jdn/etw tragen

to \carry sb piggyback jdn huckepack tragen

▪ to \carry sth around etw mit sich dat herumtragen

2. (move)

▪ to \carry sb/sth somewhere jdn/etw irgendwohin tragen

the wind carried the leaves up in the air der Wind wirbelte die Blätter hoch

to be carried downstream/down the river flussabwärts treiben

3. (transport)

▪ to \carry sb/sth jdn/etw transportieren [o befördern]

the bus was \carrying our children to school der Bus brachte unsere Kinder zur Schule

the truck was not \carrying a load der Lastwagen war nicht beladen

the stranded ship was \carrying cargo das gestrandete Schiff hatte eine Ladung an Bord

4. (sustain the weight of)

▪ to \carry sb/sth jdn/etw tragen

I'm so tired my legs won't \carry me ich bin so müde, ich kann mich kaum mehr auf den Beinen halten

5. (have with you)

▪ to \carry sth [with one] etw bei sich dat haben [o tragen]

it's risky to \carry a knife/revolver [with you] es ist riskant, ein Messer/einen Revolver bei sich zu tragen

she always carries a picture of her mother with her [in her wallet] sie hat immer ein Bild von ihrer Mutter [in ihrer Brieftasche] bei sich

6. (retain)

to \carry sth in one's head etw [im Kopf] behalten

to \carry the memory of sth [with one] etw in Erinnerung behalten

7. (have, incur)

▪ to \carry sth etw haben; (have printed on) etw tragen

murder used to \carry the death penalty auf Mord stand früher die Todesstrafe

all cigarette packets \carry a warning auf allen Zigarettenpäckchen steht eine Warnung

to \carry conviction überzeugend sein

his speech carried a lot of conviction seine Rede klang sehr überzeugt

to \carry insurance versichert sein

to \carry a penalty eine [Geld]strafe nach sich ziehen

to \carry responsibility Verantwortung tragen

her job carries a lot of responsibility ihre Stelle bringt viel Verantwortung mit sich, sie trägt in ihrem Job viel Verantwortung

to \carry sail NAUT Segel gesetzt haben

to \carry weight with sb (influence) Einfluss auf jdn haben; (impress) jdn beeindrucken

8. (contain)

▪ to \carry sth etw enthalten

9. MUS

to \carry a tune eine Melodie halten [können]

10. (transmit)

▪ to \carry sth etw übertragen

to \carry electricity/oil/water Strom/Erdöl/Wasser leiten

11. MED

▪ to \carry sth etw übertragen

malaria is carried by mosquitoes Malaria wird von Stechmücken übertragen

12. (support)

▪ to \carry sb für jdn aufkommen

▪ to \carry sth etw tragen; (sustain)

to \carry an animal through the winter ein Tier über den Winter bringen

the company is currently being carried by its export sales die Firma wird im Moment durch ihre Exporte getragen

we cannot afford to \carry people who don't work hard Leute, die nicht hart arbeiten, sind für uns nicht tragbar

many animals store food in autumn to \carry them through the winter viele Tier sammeln im Herbst Futter um damit durch den Winter zu kommen

13. (have a certain posture, conduct)

▪ to \carry oneself:

you can tell she's a dancer from the way that she carries herself an ihrer Haltung erkennt man gleich, dass sie Tänzerin ist

to \carry one's head high ( fig) den Kopf hoch tragen fig

to \carry oneself well sich akk gut halten; (posture also) eine gute Haltung haben

14. (sell) shop

▪ to \carry sth etw führen

15. (win)

▪ to \carry sb jdn auf seine Seite ziehen

▪ to \carry sth:

the president carried most of the southern states der Präsident gewann in den meisten südlichen Bundesstaaten die Wahl

to \carry the day den Sieg davontragen

the party's popular plans will surely \carry the day at the next election mit ihren populären Vorhaben wird die Partei die nächsten Wahlen bestimmt für sich entscheiden

16. usu passive (approve)

▪ to \carry sth etw dat zustimmen

his motion was carried unanimously/by 210 votes to 160 sein Antrag wurde einstimmig/mit 210 zu 160 Stimmen angenommen

17. JOURN

▪ to \carry sth über etw akk berichten, etw bringen fam

the newspapers all \carry the same story on their front page die Zeitungen warten alle mit der gleichen Titelstory auf

18. (develop)

to \carry sth too far mit etw dat zu weit gehen

to \carry sb's ideas further jds Ideen weiterentwickeln

▪ to \carry sth to sth etw zu etw dat führen

to \carry an argument to its [logical] conclusion ein Argument [bis zum Schluss] durchdenken

to \carry sth to an end etw zu Ende führen

to \carry sth to extremes [or its limits] etw bis zum Exzess treiben

to \carry the joke too far den Spaß zu weit treiben

19. MATH

to \carry a number (on paper) eine Zahl übertragen; (in one's head) eine Zahl [im Sinn] behalten

3, \carry 1 3, behalte 1 [o 1 im Sinn

20. (be pregnant)

to \carry a child ein Kind erwarten, schwanger sein

when I was \carrying Rajiv als ich mit Rajiv schwanger war

21. (submit)

to \carry one's complaints to sb jdm seine Beschwerden vortragen

22. FIN

to \carry interest Zinsen abwerfen

the bonds \carry interest at 10% die Wertpapiere werfen 10 % Zinsen ab

▶ to \carry all before one/it (be successful) vollen Erfolg haben; ( hum: have big breasts) viel Holz vor der Hütte haben hum

▶ to have to \carry the can BRIT ( fam) die Sache ausbaden müssen fam

▶ to \carry a torch for sb ( fam) jdn anhimmeln fam

II. vi

1. (be audible) zu hören sein

the actors' voices carried right to the back die Darsteller waren bis in die letzte Reihe zu hören

2. (fly) fliegen

the ball carried high into the air der Ball flog hoch in die Luft

III. n FIN Kreditkosten pl

positive/negative \carry finanzieller Gewinn/Verlust

* * *

1. vt

1) load, person, object tragen; message (über)bringen

2) (vehicle = convey) befördern; goods also transportieren

3) (= have on person) documents, money bei sich haben or führen (form); gun, sword tragen

4) (fig)

5) (bridge etc = support) tragen, stützen

6) (COMM) goods, stock führen, (auf Lager) haben

7) (TECH pipe) water, oil, electricity führen; (wire) sound (weiter)leiten, übertragen

8) (= extend) führen, (ver)legen

9) (= win) einnehmen, erobern

10)

11) (PRESS) story, photo bringen

12) (MED)

13) (= be pregnant with) erwarten, schwanger gehen mit (geh)

14) (MATH)

2. vi

1) (voice, sound) tragen

2) (ball, arrow) fliegen

* * *

carry [ˈkærı]

A s

1. Trag-, Schussweite f

2. Golf: Flugstrecke f (des Balls)

3. US → portage A 3

B v/t

1. tragen:

carry sth in one’s hand;

he carried his jacket er trug seine Jacke (über dem Arm);

she lost the baby she was carrying sie verlor das Kind, das sie unter dem Herzen trug;

pillars carrying an arch bogentragende Pfeiler;

carry one’s head high den Kopf hoch tragen;

a) sich gut halten,

b) sich gut benehmen;

carry a disease eine Krankheit weitertragen oder verbreiten;

carry sails SCHIFF Segel führen;

he knows how to carry his liquor er kann eine Menge (Alkohol) vertragen;

he can’t carry his liquor er verträgt nichts;

as fast as his legs could carry him so schnell ihn seine Beine trugen;

carry all ( oder everything) before one

a) auf der ganzen Linie siegen oder erfolgreich sein,

b) hum viel Holz vor der Hütte (einen großen Busen) haben;

they carry the British hopes sie tragen oder auf ihnen ruhen die britischen Hoffnungen

2. fig tragen, (unter)stützen

3. bringen, tragen, führen, schaffen, befördern:

a taxi carried me to the station ein Taxi brachte mich zum Bahnhof;

carry mail BAHN Post befördern;

the pipes carry water die Rohre führen Wasser; → coal A 4

4. eine Nachricht etc (über)bringen:

he carried his complaint to the manager er trug seine Beschwerde dem Geschäftsführer vor

5. mitführen, mit sich oder bei sich tragen:

carry a watch eine Uhr tragen oder haben;

carry sth in one’s head fig etwas im Kopf haben oder behalten;

carry sth with one fig etwas im Geiste mit sich herumtragen

6. fig (an sich oder zum Inhalt) haben:

carry conviction überzeugen(d sein oder klingen);

carry a moral eine Moral (zum Inhalt) haben;

carry no risk mit keinem Risiko verbunden sein;

carry (a lot of) weight ( oder authority) Gewicht oder Bedeutung haben, viel gelten ( with bei);

this does not carry any weight with him das beeindruckt ihn nicht im Mindesten

7. fig nach sich ziehen, zur Folge haben:

treason carries the death penalty auf Hochverrat steht die Todesstrafe;

carry consequences Folgen haben

8. weiterführen, (hindurch-, hinauf- etc)führen, eine Hecke, Mauer, etc ziehen:

carry the chimney through the roof den Schornstein durch das Dach führen

9. fig fortreißen, überwältigen:

carry the audience with one die Zuhörer mitreißen;

carry sb to victory SPORT jemanden zum Sieg treiben

10. fig treiben:

carry sth too far ( oder to excess) etwas übertreiben oder zu weit treiben;

carry it with a high hand gebieterisch auftreten

11. fig

a) erreichen, durchsetzen:

carry sth into effect etwas verwirklichen oder ausführen; → point A 22

b) PARL einen Antrag etc durchbringen:

carry a motion unanimously einen Antrag einstimmig annehmen;

the motion was carried der Antrag ging durch

12. fig

a) einen Preis etc erlangen, erringen, gewinnen

b) siegreich oder erfolgreich aus einer Wahl etc hervorgehen; → day Bes Redew

c) MIL eine Festung etc (ein)nehmen, erobern

13. Früchte etc tragen, hervorbringen

14. Mineralien etc führen, enthalten

15. tragen, unterhalten, ernähren:

16. einen Bericht etc bringen:

this newspaper carries no weather forecast;

the press carried the statement without comment die Presse brachte oder veröffentlichte die Erklärung kommentarlos

17. WIRTSCH

a) eine Ware führen

b) eine Schuld etc in den Büchern führen

c) Zinsen tragen: → interest A 11

d) eine Versicherung etc zahlen:

carry insurance versichert sein

18. JAGD die Spur festhalten (Hund)

19. MUS einen Ton, eine Melodie tragen

C v/i

1. tragen ( auch MUS Ton, Stimme)

2. den Kopf gut etc halten (Pferd):

3. tragen, reichen (Stimme, Schusswaffe etc):

his voice carries far seine Stimme trägt weit

4. sich gut etc tragen lassen

5. fliegen (Ball etc)

6. besonders US Anklang finden, einschlagen umg (Kunstwerk etc)

* * *

1) (transport) tragen; (with emphasis on destination) bringen; [Strom:] spülen; [Verkehrsmittel:] befördern

2) (conduct) leiten

3) (support) tragen; (contain) fassen

4) (have with one)

5) (possess) besitzen [Autorität, Gewicht]; see also conviction 2)

6) (hold)

7) (prolong)

8) (Math.): (transfer) im Sinn behalten

9) (win) durchbringen [Antrag, Gesetzentwurf, Vorschlag]

- carry away

- carry back

- carry forward

- carry off

- carry on

- carry out

- carry over

- carry through

* * *

befördern v.

tragen v.

übertragen v.

1) воен. поход, операция, (военная) кампания (крупномасштабная, заранее спланированная военная операция в некотором географическом районе, ограниченная по сроку)

2) пол. (общественная) кампания (комплекс последовательных общественных мероприятий по достижению определенной цели)

3) марк. маркетинговая [рекламная\] кампания (комплекс мероприятий по продвижению определенного товара на определенном рынке)

4) пол. политическая кампания, предвыборная кампания ( партии или конкретного кандидата)

5) с.-х. страда, кампания, рабочий сезон

6) тех. срок службы ( агрегата)

марк., пол. проводить кампанию (рекламную, военную, общественную, политическую и т. п.)

* * *

* * *